Friday, April 30, 2010

LOVE ACROSS THE SALT DESERT

Friends I would like to share this story to all lovers on this globe, this story will be an encouragement for all lovers to cross all the barriers, that they met in their love. So Trust your love, you are going to success.

I would like to present this story to my beloved sweet heart. This story will be an answer for her all questions and confusions.
K. N. Daruwalla

The Rann of Kutch is a vast, lonely desert, almost impossible to cross.
Yet, some people do cross it for reasons of their own. Najab Hussain also
crossed the vast desert for a very special reason. What was it?
1. THE DROUGHT in Kutch had lasted for three successive years. Even
when clouds were sighted they passed by, ignoring the stricken country. The
monsoons had, so to speak, forgotten to land. The Rann lay like a paralysed
monster, its back covered with scab and scar-tissue and dried blister-skin.
The earth had cracked and it looked as if chunks of it had been baked in
a kiln and then embedded in the soil-crust. The cattle became thin and
emaciated. The oxen died. The camel alone survived comfortably, feeding
on the bawal, camel thorn. Then one day the clouds rolled in like wineskins
and the lightning crackled and the wineskins burst. Though two years have
passed since the drought ended, everyone remembers that it first rained on
the day when Fatimah entered the village. This is how she came.
* * * * *
What would he not do for her, the daughter of the spice-seller; she who
smelt of cloves and cinnamon, whose laughter had the timbre of ankle-bells,
whose eyebrows were like black wisps of the night and whose hair was the
night itself? For her he would cross the salt desert!
He had stayed the day at Kala Doongar, a black hill capped with basalt,
the highest in Kutch. He had set his camel, Allahrakha, free to crop on
the bawal trees. At dusk he paid homage to the footprints of the Panchmai
Pir on the hilltop. He left some food there and started beating on his thali,
according to the custom here. In a few minutes jackals materialised and
gobbled up the food. This was auspicious. If they had not turned up he
would have cancelled the journey. A lamp was lighted in the Pir’s honour
every night on the hilltop and the flame could be seen on all the way from
Khavda. Over a hundred years earlier the Panchmai Pir had trudged these
salt wastes serving the people accompanied, as legend had it, by a jackal.
Reclusive by habit he used to retire to thorn jungles, where apart from his
vulpine companions none else dared to disturb his nocturnal trysts. The
custom of feeding the jackals had lingered since then.
Najab bowed before the flame and set out. He left behind the camel thorn
shrubs and the area once famous for its savannahs of stunted grass, but now
sere and brown as the desert. He had left behind all human habitation, Kuran being the last village. For the next three days he would not be seeing any bhungas, those one-room mud-houses, circular at the base, but tapering into conical thatch-roofs at the top. Now only the sand-scapes stretched out before him, mile upon mile. Water splashed in the chagals. With the name
of the Pir on his lips Najab Hussain set forth.
Najab’s diffidence was notorious among his friends. He was known to
have blushed at the mere mention of a girl. A strangely introverted lad with
dreamy eyes, no one had ever associated him with any act of bravado. His
father, Aftab, would say, “All that my ancestors and I have acquired during
a hundred years, this lad will squander away, not because he is a spendthrift
but because he will be too shy to charge money for what he sells!”
He had crossed the Rann on four occasions earlier, though he had turned
twenty only a month ago. But each time he had either accompanied his father
or that wily old smuggler, Zaman, the veteran of a hundred illegal trips to
Sind. Each time they had taken tendu leaf worth about five hundred, and
sold it across the border for twelve hundred. But between the pay-off to
officials and to the intermediaries who arranged the sale of the biri leaf, to
the man who took the camel out to graze and to the friend or relative who
harboured them, there was precious little left. It was just enough to buy
some used terylene garments or cloves and then it was time to make the
long trek across the desert. It was during one of these trips that they had
stayed with Kaley Shah, the clove-seller. “He is a distant relative of your
mother,” his father told Najab. Kaley Shah was tall, and well-fleshed and
his thick-jowled face had a purple tinge about it as if somewhere along the
way it had got stuck with a discoloured patch. He always wore a tahmat of
black and white checks. Within a day Najab discovered that the fellow was
an absolute rogue who drove such a cussed bargain that for the first time in
his hearing his father started mouthing obscenities.
But his daughter Fatimah was a hoor with eyes so bright that they would
have lit up the darkness of the underworld. She was taken by this quiet,
pleasant young man so ready with his smiles. But she could hardly elicit
a word out of him. Fatimah had been under pressure to get engaged to
someone in the village known for his slurred speech and grotesque stammer.
“Just my luck to run into mutes,” she thought. But then, as she caught him
staring at her, she laughed back. And in the evening when Fatimah repeated
the performance and her face flooded with excitement as if she dared him
to take the next step, he had flung his arms around her in a reckless, dizzy
moment. Yes, he would come again, he told her, and saw her start with
disbelief for he seemed to have answered her inarticulated question: Would
he come again? This time he would come alone with no father to cramp his
style. And as he left he looked behind to find her gaze following him, her eyes like a pair of storm lanterns in the dark.
Ever since his return Khavda, Najab had been straining to get away.
What was there about the Rann that he did not know? He could cross the
Rann in the daylight, leave alone starlight, a thing none of his elders had
dared to do! And one morning Aftab was woken up by a shout from Zaman.
What does that old rogue want, he muttered, rubbing his sleepy eyes. Zaman
asked about Najab’s whereabouts.
2. “The boy has been sulking of late but he should be around. Anyway,
what business is it of yours?” The old man did not hide his irritation.
“Who are you trying to fool, Aftab Mian?” asked the smuggler. “Don’t
you know that Allahrakha is also missing?”
In these border villages the pattern of life was such that if a man was
absent long with his camel, it was taken for granted that he had made a
foray across the desert into Pakistan. Aftab went into the mud enclosure
where his camel was kept and found it empty. His heart sank. He ran into
the house to see if the bundles of tendu leaf he had bought by him had been
taken by the boy. “Oh, the fool! That son of a fool!” exclaimed Aftab,
almost shaking with fury. “He has forgotten to take the leaf with him!”
“Who are you trying to fool with all this drama?” called out Zaman who
was still standing at the door. “This son of yours is not as innocent as the
world believes. He is a pig and the son of a pig.”
There was no limit to his chagrin. Zaman was a ‘chief’, the man who kept
the Rangers across happy. Any one crossing the Rann without his support
was running the gauntlet with the law. And here this fledgling had blundered
in without as much as a word to him, or a salaam, or a hundred rupee note!
“May Allah bring him safely out of this!” said the old rogue piously. He
means just the opposite, thought Aftab. Nothing would please him more
than to see Najab turned into carrion with vultures hovering around.
“Don’t worry, Zaman, Allah will see him through!” he said testily and
banged the door in the smuggler’s face.
As Zaman walked off, Aftab went in to break the news of their son’s
escapade to his wife. She would faint, he thought. He found her crouching
with her back against the mud wall. She did not even blink in surprise, once.
She just sat there cowering as if he had just slapped her and was about to do
so again. Allah! She knew it! She knew it all the time! She was waist-deep
in this conspiracy along with her son and never breathed a word about it.
His eye fell on her bare arm.
“Where is the gold bangle my father gave you, woman.”
“You need not worry. Najab will return with cloves.”
The long-striding Allahrakha kept a brisk pace. A strong south wind
drove the tang of the Kori creek back into Najab’s nostrils. He followed the stars, the Milky Way flaked with mica, the Great Bear shambling towards
the north. Before dawn he had reached his destination, for a sandy elevation
palisaded with the bones of dead animals told him he had arrived at Sarbela,
over twenty miles from Kala Doongar. He was already beyond the international
boundary. Here he rested. During daylight, movement was impossible.
The Indus Rangers would be looking from their bamboo watch-towers. And
in the heat everything became a mirage. A depression in the sand looked like
a splash of water, a freak, stunted cactus gave the appearance of a grove, and
a camel looked like a huge prehistoric animal on the move. Any movement
was sure to be noticed through binoculars.
When the sun came up Najab took his first drink of water from his chagal.
At noon he had his first meal – dry, stale bread with onion. By now
thoughts about Fatimah took a vice-like grip over him. An entire night lay
between them, he thought. And the distance was less than ten miles. The
thought of it made him writhe even as the sun started beating its anvil on
the desert. A whiff of the tangy south wind caught his nostrils again. But
this time it brought with it a thin, dappled veil of cloud, patches of which lay
overlapping like fish scales. Within an hour this corrugated cloud had covered
a substantial portion of the sky, looking for all the world like a stretch
of wind-rippled sand. Yes, this was the time! He got up and shook the sand
from his turban. Even as he harnessed his camel he thought that Allahrakha
was looking at him quizzically as if asking what the hell he was up to. At
one level of consciousness he knew that this was madness. He knew of overworked
camels dying of fatigue, of the patrolling parties of the B.S.F. and
the Indus Rangers and the mirage-chequered, trackless wastes of the desert.
But he succumbed to a rush of blood and the face of Fatimah beckoned him
like a mirage.
Najab crossed the International Boundary Pillar Number 1066. He knew
the track he had to take, bisecting the two posts of the Indus Rangers at Jagatrai
and Vingoor. But he strayed ever so slightly, and from their watch-tower
they saw through their binoculars this sleek camel, wrapped and distorted
by the heat-shimmer into a lumbering leviathan. An Indian slipping into
their territory with tendu leaf right under their noses, and that too without
paying any hush money! They were not going to stand for it. Najab was in a
trance now, events flashing past him like figures on a screen. The mile-long
chase, the firing from behind, the spent bullets flopping in the sand and then
the rising wind which churned the dust into his eyes and then rose between
the hunter and the hunted. When the dust settled half an hour later he was
alone in the Rann.
The next few hours passed in a daze. He was mortally scared that Allahrakha may die of fatigue. To ease him of his burden he now started

walking beside him. Within an hour the salt had scraped the callus from his
feet and scarred them with agonising cracks. Under a hot tin sky, the Rann
was blazing now, throwing up white needles which hurt the eyes. And as the
Rann palpitated, it haunted him with its mirages, pools of shadow, scooped
half-moons of water. Hours of wandering as if in a trance, attempting to lick
the receding edges of the mirage. Then light thinning away, and an hour or
two later, dusk, and a thin plume of smoke rising from a dung-fire. Allah be
praised! He was now within range.
He waited for the night to descend and then struck out hobbling on his
toes, for his desert odyssey had cost him his heels. Within an hour he was
at the clove-seller’s door.
Fatimah rose from her bed like a panic-stricken doe as he called out her
name softly through the window bars. It took some anxious moments for it
to sink in that it was Najab. Her lustrous eyes lit up the dark of the room
as she opened the door.
3. Two hours before dawn, Kaley Shah was woken up by the beat constable
banging on the door. “A smuggler has come across the Rann, Kaley Shah.
You wouldn’t know anything about him, would you?”
“Kasam tumhari, not a sparrow has entered the house, or the village.
Even the dogs have not been barking tonight.” Then he added with a knowing
wink, “Why should a smuggler come to me?”
But the law was not amused. “Kaley Shah,” he said sardonically, “your
belly is stuffed full with silver. It would outweigh even the dirt in your heart!”
The constable’s words rattled like a sack of empty cans in his head and
prevented him from sleeping.
“You have a guest,” said Fatimah as she brought him his tumbler of hot,
steaming milk next morning. “It is Najab. He stayed the night in the cattle
shed.” For a moment he was terrified. A smuggler in the house, the police
prowling all around and he did not even know of it! His meeting with Najab
had been brief. The wretched fellow had brought no tendu leaf.
“First you come unannounced, dragging the police behind you, and then
I find you have come with nothing. Trading with you is going to be a dead
loss, son, with the cops on your back and your hands empty.”
Najab thought that Kaley Shah’s waist-cloth, with its black and white
checks looked like a chess board. He would have to make his moves carefully.
He showed the gold bracelet. “I have come for cloves, Chacha jan. And I
shall pay in gold.”
The next two days Kaley Shah was busy buying cloves and arranging
to get Allahrakha grazed a few miles away, by a cowherd. Otherwise the
presence of a strange camel would have let loose a babble of tongues. Najab
slept in the cattle-shed in the evening and slipped into Fatimah’s room late at night.
“They want me to marry Mahfuz Ali,” she told him. “He is related to
us from my mother’s family. The way he stammers! You should hear him!
Urchins start mimicking him the moment they set eyes on him. It is just a
step removed from being hounded like a madman and pelted with stones.”
“Has it never occurred to you to take a ride on Allahrakha across the
Rann?” She had kept silent and silence was assent. It was as simple as that.
4. The first lurch of the camel next evening and they were off. He had waited
with his camel at the outskirts of the village and she had slipped out after
her father had started snoring. The moment was too big for them and they
did not speak. It was only in passing that she thought of the village she was
leaving for good. As for quitting one and entering another, she never gave it
a thought. Where did one have the time for Pakistan and Hindustan when
one was eloping with one’s love and crossing the desert which divided, both
physically and symbolically, the two countries? For her it meant just a shift
in dialect, a smear of Kutchi added and a little of Sindhi sandpapered away.
And the camel lurched and bumped onwards and Najab drove him hard.
By the time they reached Sarbela she was exhausted and fell asleep.
She woke up in the afternoon to find the sky overcast. It turned ominous
in the evening with depth upon depth of dark-edged nimbus gathering at
the summons of a storm-god. Another night they journeyed facing the wind
which hurled the sand in their faces. As they neared Khavda, the thunder
started rolling and reverberating across the skies.
Three times during the night Aftab opened the door, thinking his son had
come. But it was only the wind knocking against the door. This time the
banging was persistent. When he unlatched the door he found Allahrakhashying away from a streak of lightening. Huge, isolated drops of rain were
falling, kicking up the dust. Aftab steeled himself. He would not allow any
relief, any expression of joy to show on his face.
“Son, have you brought anything?” he asked, an edge of iron deliberately
introduced in his voice.
“Yes,” replied Najab, as he ushered Fatimah in.
The rain stormed down and swept away three years of drought.

Love is THE Fact of Life

Love is THE Fact of Life

Section 1:
Love is a fact of life. For all human beings ,and especially for teenagers, it could be said that love is THE fact of life. It is one thing that is central to all human existence. You might have come to this realization already. Simply by looking into your own mind and noticing how much of your time it spends thinking about people of the opposite sex, fantasizing about people of the opposite sex, dreaming about people of the opposite sex, wondering about people of the opposite sex, feeling depressed about people of the opposite sex and so on, you get a good idea of how important this topic is in the human realm.

Because it is so important and so central to human existence, love is something that can be extremely confusing and frustrating. I know that as a teenager love was extremely confusing and frustrating to me. I had a huge number of questions about the whole space, including (If you are a girl, please replace "girl" with "boy" in the following questions):

  • Why do girls hate me?
  • Why do I feel so awkward around girls?
  • Why is it that I think about girls all the time, despite the fact that I would rather not?
  • Why does it hurt so much?
  • Why does it seem like a lot of people don’t have these problems? Why does it seem like they are able to walk up to girls, talk to them and the next minute they are going out together and having a really great time? Why are a lot of those people athletes?
  • Why are pretty girls like they are?
    • Why do a lot of girls seem attracted to guys who are obviously idiots and who treat them badly? I would treat a girl great, but that seems to make no difference. Why?
    • What is jealousy, and why do I get so angry about it?
    • Will I ever find someone who I can marry?
    • When?
    • Why can’t it be now?
    • How will I know when I have found the girl I should marry?
    • Now that I think about it, what is marriage again? Why do we have marriage? Why don’t we all just go around having sex with whoever we feel like all the time?
    • For that matter, what is love? I mean, what the heck is going on here to begin with?
    • Why does it seem like adults don’t have these problems?
    • Why do my parents say they are "in love," but it looks so different from what I mean when I say I am "in love"? In other words, why does their love seem so boring, why do they have fights and why do they never hold hands?
    • And so on.
You might have asked one or two of these questions yourself. Obviously, this is a pretty big and complicated space.

One way to begin to get a handle on love and to begin to understand it better is to try to tackle it one piece at a time. We will start with the fundamental facts of life concerning love. Once you understand these facts you have a foundation. Then you can move on to other areas.

THE FACTS OF LIFE CONCERNING LOVE

The first and most fundamental fact of life about love is: love is something that is fundamentally wired into the human brain. There is nothing that you can do about it. You cannot turn it on and off. It is there, it is active and that’s the end of it. In fact, it is nearly impossible to separate love from human existence. Especially as a teenager, they are one and the same.

The second fact of life is that there are different kinds of love, and we need to agree on what we are talking about when we say the word "love." Here are some of the different kinds of love that you might be familiar with:

  • Parental love—Parents love their children, and this sort of love, devotion and caring is different from all other types of love. When done well, parental love could be called perfect.
  • Christian love—Jesus said, "Love your neighbor as yourself," and many people are able to do that. They love and care about those around them because they are fellow human beings.
  • Friendship love—A deep friendship between two people often involves a level of trust, devotion, commitment and caring that is love. So two women or two men or a man and a woman who have known each other for 20 years and have been through a lot together can say they love one another. There is not a bit of romantic or sexual attraction involved.
  • Material love—You might hear someone say, "I love that car!" or "I love that movie!" It is love applied to an object. In this case the word "love" can mean a range of things from "I really like it" to "I must have it" all the way up to, in extreme cases, "I will (literally) kill myself if I don’t get it." Another word for this is infatuation.
  • Lustful love—To some extent lustful love is a form of material love, but it is applied to another person and tied almost completely to a sexual infatuation. So a girl might say, "I love Tom Cruise!" Or a guy might say, strictly on the basis of a girl’s looks, "I love that girl!" This is lust.
  • Romantic love—When most teenagers think of "love", this is what they are talking about. It is the combination of friendship, sexual attraction and the search for someone to marry. It is the search for the one person with whom you can raise your family and spend the rest of your life.
This chapter is about "Love," and you understood it to mean "romantic love." That was a correct assumption, and in the rest of this chapter the word "love" implies the romantic meaning. However, it is good to recognize that there are all these other forms as well. Sometimes people get confused between them, and that can cause problems.

Love is tied to sexual attraction, especially at the teenage level. That is the third fact of life about love. The link between love and sexual attraction is strong and important. Many people will tell you that love and sexual attraction can be separated. And that is true. But when you separate them you have friendship love, not romantic love. Or you get lust—the sexual attraction without the friendship.

Which leads you to a fourth fact of life; sexual attraction is a fact of life. There are four important facts about sex that are easy to miss:

  1. Both men and women have entire sections of their anatomy devoted to sex and reproduction. This should come as no surprise to you. You have feet. Feet are a part of your anatomy devoted to walking. You have ears. Ears are a part of your anatomy devoted to hearing. You have a part of your anatomy devoted to sex and reproduction as well. Just to get it out in the open here so there is no confusion: In males it is the penis and testicles, and in females it is the vagina and female reproductive system, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, etc. In men the sexual organs produce sperm and provide a delivery mechanism, and in women the sexual organs accept sperm, produce eggs and provide an environment in which a baby can develop. When sperm and egg meet in a woman, a child is formed. Simple as that. Miraculous and totally mystifying, but simple.
  2. The sex organs produce sex hormones, which flow through the blood stream and affect certain parts of the brain as well as the sex organs themselves. In women the hormonal part is quite complicated because the female reproductive system is quite complicated and amazing. You can learn a lot by looking all of this up in a good book or encyclopedia.
  3. The brain has physical structures and systems specifically devoted to sex. Certain components in this system respond to the sex hormones flowing in the blood stream. Other parts respond to visual or tactile stimulation.
  4. There is a biological desire to reproduce that, if you feel like thinking about it this way, can be considered to be the core of human existence. You could say, "Humans exist in order to give birth to other humans," and that is true in a biological sense. You can get a better handle on this by thinking along these lines. Why do bacteria exist and do the things they do? To create other bacteria. No one would argue with you on that. Why do fruit flies exist and do the things they do? To produce other fruit flies. Plants? Fish? Mice? Dogs? Chimps? Same thing. And thus humans. Humans exist to produce other humans. Of course humans are wildly complicated and interesting, especially when compared to a simple bacteria. We do lots of other things besides reproducing. But we are still living things and living things live, fundamentally, to reproduce.
When you take all four of these things together—the sex organs, the hormonal system, the brain structures and the biological imperative to reproduce—you can see why sex is so important to people. You can also see another thing: Sex is not like anything else. Let me say that again because it is an important fact of life:

SEX IS NOT LIKE ANYTHING ELSE

When you find yourself asking things like, "Why do I think about Christina all the time?" this is the reason why. Sex simply is not like anything else. It is absolutely fundamental to human existence.

A lot of people simply do not understand that sex is different from everything else. They will say things like, "Eating is completely natural and you do it every day without thinking about it. Sex is the same way! It’s just like every thing else! Do it and have fun and don’t worry about it!" That is an approach to life, but it is not true. Sex is not like everything else. Eating, for example, cannot create a new human life. Sex can. When someone tries to equate sex and eating, it is impossible to take them seriously.

Having said all of that, there is a fifth fact of life that people often completely ignore. It is funny that people ignore it, because it is so simple and obvious. It is this: The purpose of sex is to create a baby. That is another thing that needs emphasis:

THE PURPOSE OF SEX IS TO CREATE A BABY

You cannot separate sex from babies. The reason our bodies are equipped with sexual apparatus is to have babies and reproduce. If you try to separate sex from babies you are ignoring the obvious, because they cannot be separated. A lot of the "problems in today’s society" are caused by the fact that people forget this linkage.

It is the baby part of sex that leads to love and marriage. Babies link sex, love and marriage together.

The sixth fact of life is fairly simple: Love is a mechanism in our brains that encourages coupling. We "fall in love" to form a strong couple. "Falling in love" is another thing that is wired into our brains. It is a mechanism that ensures the survival of the species. You can now see that we have made a full circle, back to the first fact of love at the beginning of this section.

One of the more frustrating things about love is that it is a fairly messy emotion that has a number of rather strong psychological side effects. In order to form a strong coupling, the love mechanism seems to disconnect a variety of normal mental functions. "Falling in love" often means a loss of perspective and a focusing of attention that can drive those around you crazy. Everyone has heard the expression "Love is blind." It is also true that love is irrational at times. You cannot afford to be irrational, and yet a part of your brain is hooked up to make you that way. You need to take that into account in your own life.

The seventh fact of life is marriage. Our society (you can think of the word "society" to mean "the group of people we live in") has taken our natural coupling tendency and formalized it into a thing called marriage. A man and woman marry with the intention of staying together for life. Within that bond they have children and raise them.

Finally, here is the eighth fact of life. Sex feels good. You may be aware of this fact already. Part of the wiring between the sex organs and the sexual parts of the brain is a direct connection to the brain’s "pleasure center" (time to pull out the psychology book). This connection is no doubt designed to further encourage the reproductive urge by providing direct positive stimulation for reproductive behavior. Many people (both teenagers and adults) seem to miss three important facts about the pleasure of sex:

  • Much of the pleasure of sex is psychological.
  • It is possible for sex to feel bad.
  • The fact that sex is pleasurable doesn’t mean that it is always appropriate.
All three of these facts are important. Inside a loving relationship between a husband and wife who care deeply about one another, for example, the pleasure of sex is highly magnified. By the same token, having sex with a prostitute is degrading and can actually feel bad. Ask anyone who has tried it. "Cheap sex" and "one-night stands" and "sex on the first date" all tend to fall into that same category. It often feels bad. It is inappropriate. It is also dangerous because of the disease problem [AIDS, herpes, syphilis, gonorrhea, clamydia and so on (all good things to look up in an encyclopedia)]. Teenagers today know all about these diseases.

The fact that something is pleasurable does not necessarily make it good. Many people live many years before they realize this simple fact.

So, here you were looking for an answer to questions like, "What is love?" and you get a six-page answer. That is why love is complicated, by the way. Love is important as far as our bodies, our brains, our biology and our evolution is concerned. There is a lot more to it than meets the eye. Look at all of the different topics discussed in this chapter:

  • Reproduction
  • The definition of love
  • Sexual attraction
  • Sex organs
  • Hormones
  • Babies
  • Brain structures, like the pleasure center
  • Marriage
  • Sexually transmitted diseases
These are all facts of life. The thing you will notice is that they are all intertwined, and that makes everything complicated. Love and marriage and sex and babies all go together. As a teenager it is at first difficult to see all the interconnections. Teenagers get into problems in the love/marriage/sex/babies arena because they do not understand the interconnections. Or they happen because teenagers (and adults, for that matter) purposefully ignore them. For example, why does society frown, in general, on premarital sex? Because the purpose of sex is to have a baby, and a baby needs a stable family to raise it. Teenagers, because they have never had a baby, miss the connection between sex and babies. Your parents are saying, "Wait! Wait! Wait!" because they understand the baby part (they had you, for example). They understand the need for a strong, life-long couple to take care of the baby and to provide it with a stable family. Marriage is the mechanism to provide that coupling and stability. Your parents also understand that babies represent a huge financial commitment. The hospital bill alone for a normal childbirth is 2,50,000 Rupees to 5,00,000 Rupees. Do you have that money (along with the money to cover all the other expenses associated with a new child) in the bank? If not, then you are not ready to have a baby.

Can you separate sex and babies? Can you separate sex and love? Can you separate sex and marriage? These are good questions. The answer is "Yes." But consider the following:

  • When you separate sex from love, babies and marriage, you get prostitution. Sex without love is meaningless.
  • When you separate sex and babies from love and marriage, you get unwed, teenage mothers. This creates problems for the mother, the child and the people who end up supporting the mother because she cannot support herself.
  • When you separate sex and love from babies and marriage, you get premarital sex, recreational sex and people living together. None of this seems bad on the surface, and many teenagers you ask will say, "Go for it!" Find a person, fall in love and have sex. Adults would say there are reasons to wait, and we will talk about them in Section 2 and Section 3
It is only when you put love, marriage, sex and babies together that you have something complete and whole and beautiful. It is pretty deep, I know. Think about it for awhile and then come back and read through this section again.

Marriage is Forever

Section 2:
In our society marriage is the structure people use to create a stable family unit. A man and woman marry with the intention of staying together for life. Within that bond they usually have children and raise them. This arrangement is good for the children. It guarantees that the two parents are totally committed to the children and to each other.

I can remember thinking as a teenager that marriage would be natural and easy. You fall in love and then you get married and you live happily ever after. Right? It turns out that that view of the world is a little naïve because it leaves out the most important part. To my teenage mind marriage was about love. To an adult, marriage is about commitment. It is about staying in love and staying together for a lifetime despite the fact that both partners are individuals who change over time. Marriage itself is easy. Two people can get married any time they want. The challenge of marriage is making it work for a lifetime.

The question you might have as a teenager is, "What could possibly be hard about being married? What could possibly be ‘challenging’ about it? Once I find a person who I am madly in love with and who is madly in love with me, marriage will be easy. Our love will keep us together no matter what happens." What I would like to do in this chapter is suggest to you several reasons why marriage can be challenging, and show you why marriage is a big step that should not be taken lightly.

Understanding the Challenge of Marriage

The first few months of most marriages is easy. This phase is called the "honeymoon phase" and may last up to a year. The honeymoon phase exists because the couple is enjoying the significant advantages of being married: living together, being together constantly, looking toward the future as a team, planning a family, sexual intimacy, trust, closeness and so on. The honeymoon phase is also aided by the effects of romantic love, which tend to mask problems and differences. The honeymoon period starts to end as the couple comes to the realization that marriage lasts a lifetime. Let’s look at some of the things that make a life-long marriage interesting:
  • Marriage is a lifetime commitment. This commitment can have a tremendous number of advantages: stability, financial strength and unity, infinite trust, etc. However, it can have a paralyzing disadvantage if one or both parties decides to abuse the commitment. Imagine a person who is told, "We are giving you your job for life—you can never be fired." Most people will continue to do a good job, but a few people would take that message as a cue to become extremely lazy. Marriage can cause the same effect. Both partners have to work hard to avoid complacency.
  • Marriage means that everything is shared. Sharing means that every major decision involves a team decision. If both parties do not agree, then conflict arises. Most people enjoy having a certain amount of freedom in their lives. Marriage instead forces a great deal of compromise. If two people have different spending habits (i.e., one likes saving money and the other likes spending it), it can cause immense strain.
  • Marriage involves being with the same person for long periods of time. While the couple is still "in love," this is easy. Once romantic love’s effects wear off and the relationship is driven more by friendship than sexual attraction, however, little habits can become irritating. Imagine living in an RV with your best friend for 10 years. After awhile even your best friend can become annoying. Countering this natural effect requires skill and creativity.
Marriage is something like a big amplifier. When things are going well, the team effect of marriage makes them go very well. When a marriage works it is a source of infinite peace and joy. However, when things are not working marriage tends to amplify things in a negative direction. It can make bad things worse because it can create a trap.

Have you ever noticed that many married couples spend a lot of time fighting? Have you ever wondered why that happens? It happens because at any given moment the two people in the marriage may want to do two different things that are mutually exclusive. For example:

  • You want to go to your best friend’s wedding while your spouse wants to go to "the big game" on the same day.
  • You want to go to church but your spouse wants to stay home on Sunday morning.
  • You want the house to be neat but your spouse does not care.
  • You want to buy a new car but your spouse wants to save the money and continue fixing the old one.
  • You want to live close to your family but so does your spouse, and the families live 1,000 miles apart.
  • You want to buy a new riding lawn mower but your spouse wants a new sofa.
  • You want to paint the house blue but your spouse prefers yellow.
  • You want to spend extra time at work but your spouse wants you to be home for dinner.
Imagine facing one or two situations like this every day, day in and day out, for 50 years. That is what makes marriage challenging. That is why you want to pick a good marriage partner. If you can find someone who will work with you daily and love you enough to solve all of the "little problems" that arise naturally in a marriage, then you will have a successful marriage that brings you joy throughout your life.

Finding a Good Partner

Because marriage is so strongly tied to family, because it is so permanent, because it is such a big step and because the cost of entry and exit is so high, adults put a lot of emphasis on it. So does the community. When you and your spouse get married, you are both proclaiming to the community your lifetime commitment together. You also are declaring, to some extent, your adulthood, your independence and the start of your household. The community understands how big this step is and responds with wedding gifts intended to make it easier to start the new household. You can imagine a young couple getting married in a small town 100 years ago. The couple starts its household and its family, and the community of adults chips in with wedding gifts to make the startup easier. Wedding presents help you get over the hump.

You can now see that marriage is a big deal. It is not a party one weekend—it is a lifetime commitment to your spouse. Your parents want you to choose the "right" person:

  • A person who will help you to make the marriage work
  • A person who is stable and kind
  • A person who is slow to anger
  • A person who is a good worker and who has a good job
  • A person who will be a good mother or father
These qualities are universal. Here are some of the attributes of a good marriage partner:
  • Trust—When both partners trust each other implicitly, they are able to go through life with a tremendous amount of confidence and freedom.
  • Loyalty and commitment—Trust is built on a foundation of loyalty and commitment between the two partners. Many people get married with the concept that, "If I don’t like it, I’ll sleep around or get divorced." This is a recipe for disaster in any marriage. Marriage is about total commitment to your partner.
  • Helpfulness—Partners in a good marriage help each other constantly and accelerate their lives that way. Married life can be much easier than single life if both partners work together.
  • Friendship—Partners in a good marriage are good friends and gather strength and joy from that friendship.
  • Kindness—Partners in a good marriage are kind to one another out of love and friendship.
  • Patience and understanding—Partners in a good marriage understand and forgive each other for the mistakes that come from being human.
  • Acceptance and support—Partners in a good marriage accept one another and support each other constantly.
If a couple can maintain these qualities within the marriage, then success is much easier. Maintaining those qualities, it turns out, takes quite a bit of discipline. If one or more of these fundamental qualities is missing, then you can say with some certainly that the marriage will fail.

There are quite a few things that can cause a marriage to fail:

  • Disagreements over money—If one person is frugal and the other is free-spending, the conflict that arises can be extremely difficult to manage.
  • Laziness—If one partner is not willing to put in the effort required to make a marriage work or keep the household functioning (financially or operationally), then the conflict that arises can cause a lot of stress.
  • Stubbornness—If one or both spouses refuse to compromise, then the marriage likely will not survive. Marriage depends on compromise.
  • Infidelity—The fundamental contract in marriage is "lifetime commitment to a single partner." If one partner breaks this contract, the marriage is over.
  • Disagreements over children—If one spouse wants children and the other does not, you simply should not be married. It is impossible to reconcile this difference because one partner is guaranteed to be dissatisfied.
  • Physical or mental abuse—The partner being abused should leave to maintain his or her own health and safety.
  • Addiction—Alcohol or drug addiction will destroy any marriage.
As a teenager thinking about marriage you probably do not have all of this complexity in mind. How could you? However, it is important that you come to this level of understanding and take marriage seriously. When you get married you are committing to your chosen spouse for the rest of your life. You are making that commitment, generally, in order to start a family. Keep that in mind and you can understand why your parents see dating and marriage as such a big deal.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Marriage

Having discussed all of this, you can see that there are advantages and disadvantages to being married. The advantages include:
  • Unconditional love, stability and consistency—You don’t have to worry about dating, breaking up, etc. There is one person you love and will love you for the rest of your life.
  • Lower cost of living—A married couple tends to have more free time and/or more money because the cost and work of a household are shared by two.
  • Confidence—It is very reassuring to know that there is a person who loves you and only you no matter what and who lives to be with you. That sort of commitment can give you a tremendous comfort and confidence.
  • The potential for children—Inside a stable marriage it is possible and extremely easy to have and raise children.
There are also disadvantages:
  • You are locked in with a single person—If you like to be with a different person every week, marriage is not for you.
  • You give up a great deal of freedom—Every decision will now be a compromise between two people.
  • You are going to have to work to maintain and build your human qualities—Trust, loyalty, commitment, kindness, patience, etc. are not easy. You have to work at these skills every day in a marriage to become better at them. If you are not willing to put in the effort, you will fail in the marriage.
If you find that you cannot deal with one or more or the disadvantages, then that tells you that you should not get married.

Teenage Sex is an Option

Section 3:
Should you pursue or have sex as a teenager? This is an option, and you get to make the decision. Like any other decision, however, there are things you should keep in mind. Here are three of the more important:
  • Fact #1: If two people have unprotected sex long enough, they will get pregnant.
  • Fact #2: This comes from the October 1996 issue of Scientific American magazine: "Six out of 10 women having abortions used protection." What that says is two people who have protected sex have a pretty good chance of pregnancy as well.
  • Fact #3: If two people have sex and one of them is carrying a sexually transmitted disease, then the other person has some probability of getting the disease, even when the couple uses protection.
Think of these three facts as "disadvantages." They tend to be good reasons not to have sex as a teenager. None have them have ever stopped anyone from having sex, however. You can look at the rate of infection for STDs, the number of abortions performed every year and the number of unwed teenage mothers to see that.

To any adult the three disadvantages make it "obvious" that teenagers should not have sex. What adults generally forget is that for many teens the brain and body are sending signals that indicate otherwise. The question for you as a teenager is, "Should logic win this one?" Your body has a desire to reproduce. To your body sex is important. Can you discipline yourself enough to live with the urges and wait until you get married? That is the question.

Here are two things to keep in mind as you are making that decision:

  • By having sex you are making a hidden commitment to the child that results. The purpose of sex is to create a baby. Therefore, by having sex you are saying, "I am willing to care for the baby."
  • Babies carry with them a lot of baggage. They need constant attention, they cost a lot and they require two people. Therefore, once you and your friend create a baby you will need to get married, and then the two of you will need to care for the child for the next 20 years. That means you will give up a tremendous amount of personal and financial freedom. Spend some time with someone who has a baby and see how much work is involved before you underestimate the amount of care a baby requires.
If you decide to have pre-marital sex, do it with the understanding that once a child is conceived you are responsible for the care and well-being of your mate and the child for the next 20 years. The hospital bill alone for a normal childbirth is 2,50,000 Rupees to 5,00,000 Rupees. Do you have that money? If not, then why would you have sex? Never mind the cost of housing, feeding, clothing your spouse and the child .

The correct path is to find someone you are madly in love with and want to spend the rest of your life with, then decide that the two of you want to have a child, then get married, then save up enough money to provide a stable environment for a baby and then conceive a baby. Have a baby within a strong marriage that is ready to support the child: It is best for the baby and best for the parents.

As an unmarried teenager there is one other fact that you should keep in mind. You generally don’t hear much about this fact, but it is important. You are doing your thing right now. You are meeting people, going out, having fun. That is all fine. You have this vague notion in your head that one day you will get married. That is also fine. But eventually you will find someone who you want to marry, and it will become much less vague. You are going to be deeply in love with this person. You are going to be with this person for the rest of your life. That is a fact.

On the night of your wedding you are going to be with that person in bed. There are two options on that first night you are together. Either it will be the first time for you, and therefore it is going to be special. Or it will not. If both of you are able to come to bed and learn about sex with each other and share that throughout your lives, it is a good thing. It is an incredible gift to give to someone. Maybe your partner cannot give it to you. That is OK. You can still give it to him or her.

In general, teenage sex is like drugs . It seems like it should feel good when you do it, but longer term it often feels bad. It is a "cheap thrill" that has little or no value. It also tries to separate sex from babies, which is impossible. Keep in mind that the purpose of sex is to create a baby, and that a baby is an incredible long-term commitment. You should not be attempting to create a baby unless you are willing to make that commitment. If you want to make that commitment, you should be getting married first for the sake of the baby. That is a fact of life.

Tuesday, April 27, 2010

My techniques to manage people, who were in angry

Friends, this section will be very helpful to you all to control your anger, I would like to present this article to all, who can't able to control their anger.

Here I introduce 5 Steps or 5 simple methods to control our HUFF

1 Give Yourself Permission to Express Anger.

        Our society does not allow us to express strong emotions. We are taught to hold in our emotions from the earliest age. This can have a profoundly negative effect on our overall health. It’s not wrong to express anger, fear, sadness, rage. In fact, it is healthy to release these emotions regularly. What’s wrong is when we hurt someone in the process. It is preferable to find safe ways to dump the negative feelings.

2 Combine Mental and Physical Effort for Anger Control.

        Mental therapy alone may be extremely helpful for anger release, but it can only take you so far. Similarly, the physical act of doing exercise can help many people let off steam, but it may not remove deep-seated anger.

        The most effective process is when you can combine both the mental and physical effort. This is when you do a particular physical activity along with the mental intention of releasing the anger. Please see the next step for specific examples of how to combine the mental and physical effort to help release your anger. In each example, don’t just pound pillows, or rip paper, but REALLY FEEL the heavy anger emotion with it’s full intensity WHILE you do the physical activity. This is so important and will assist you to finally RELEASE the anger energy so that it won’t come back. You may have to do the process repeatedly because it releases layer by layer and it is doubtful that you will get to all of it in one session. There are many studies recently showing that doing this type of activity could possibly MAKE someone more aggressive. This is a complicated issue. Let’s say that the type of people who hold in their anger their whole life NEED to learn to become more aggressive in order to become balanced. It is important to learn how to not be a doormat and have people walk all over you. It is important to speak up for what you believe and not take garbage from everyone. So, indeed, if this behavior makes a person RELATIVELY more aggressive, it is in the vein of becoming whole, and that is a good thing! However, please realize if you are already an explosive person who throws temper tantrums and becomes violent, then this approach is NOT appropriate! This recommendation is more appropriate for the “quiet anger” that a person keeps inside for many years. This is the anger that causes physical illnesses, sleep disturbances and other stress-related conditions. Getting the anger out in these cases is extremely therapeutic.

3 Never Hurt Others in the Process.

        Give yourself the opportunity to express anger in a safe way, without hurting anyone else. Most people will benefit by having a private room to pound pillows with their fists or legs, or with a plastic bat. Some people may prefer ripping pages of paper, screaming, throwing plates (old ones). Many people find it helpful to use anger-release music as a stimulus or catalyst for this process. Remember, NEVER hurt yourself in the process and never aim your anger literally at another person. What is important here is your expression of the negative emotion, NOT who receives it. If the anger (or other emotion) is traced to a specific individual, some people have found it helpful to have a symbol of this person at which they can direct the anger. This could be an enlarged photocopy of a photo on a piece of paper which you then scribble-over, tear, burn, or otherwise destroy. Be open to discovering your own dynamic anger-release method.

4 Totally Let Go, Without Hesitation.

        It is also important to suggest that if you feel the need to express yourself in any of these ways, that you either are totally alone so that you don’t feel inhibited, or that you are in the surroundings of a group of people who are supportive of this type of activity. If you don’t have a private room in your house, maybe you can find a secluded area, where no one will hear or see you — even the inside of your car may work. (Don’t do any of this while actually driving!)

5 Strive to Forgive.

        The final step in maintaining anger-release is to truly forgive the person who wronged you as well as to truly forgive yourself.

Tuesday, April 6, 2010

Chinese Mobile Secret Codes

Secret codes for Chinese Mobiles:

After a lots of request of users, now I publish the secret codes for most type of china brands mobile phone. Nokia N-Series: N95, N93, N73, N93I, N83, N8800, and more available in Chinese models. They have features like touchscreen, two camera, 2 SIM slot, two battery, two charger, and some of other features. Most Chinese phones have same software and features, but have different in looks. These phone have a range of under 2k-8k (INR). Sony Ericsson phones also avaliable in Chinese models and soon will here.

China Mobile Secret Codes and Pinout:

default user code: 1122, 3344, 1234, 5678
Engineer mode: *#110*01#
Factory mode: *#987#
Enable COM port: *#110*01# -> Device -> Set UART -> PS Config -> UART1/115200
Restore factory settings: *#987*99#
LCD contrast: *#369#
software version: *#800#
software version: *#900#
set default language: *#0000# Send
set English language: *#0044# Send
set English language (new firmware): *#001# Send

*#0086#, *#0886# set to China
*#0084#, *#0966# set to Vietnamese
*#77218114#
*#19992006#
*#881188#
#*94267357#
*#0084#call

*******************************************
N95Pda and N95S Pinout

2×5
4:Rx
5:TX
6:GND
---------------------
K1 Moto Pinout
4:Rx
5:Tx
6:Gnd
---------------------
PDA ZT6618
1..8 pin mini Conector
3:Rx
4:TX
5:Gnd
--------------------
Cect 8380
1..8 pin mini Conector
1:Gnd
2:Rx
3:Tx
---------------------
KG-200
4:Gnd
3:Tx
2:Rx
----------------------
N91I
1...12 pin Connector
.
5:Gnd . 12:Tx
6:Tx . 13:Rx
7:Rx .

GSM Secret Codes

Type *#61# and press call - Check redirection status.
Cancel all redirections: ##002#
*43# to activate call waiting, to deactivate #43#.
If your phone doesn't have incoming call barring and outgoing call barring, you can try this.
For outgoing call barring dial *33*barcode*# and pres OK. To deactivate it dial #33#barcode*#.
On any phone on any network type in **43# to enable conference calls. You can make up to 7 calls at once
If you need to block SMS reception (if you are spammed by someone) just press this code:
*35*xxxx*16#
xxxx is your Call Barring code (default is 0000).
To remove this barring type: #35*xxxx#
If you want to hide/show your phone number when calling, put one of these codes below in front of the number that you are going to call.
(*#30# / *#31# or *31# / #31# ) Works on some networks.
Typing *0# or *nm# on the beginning of a txt message gives you detailed delivery report on some networks.. But turn off reports in message settings before.
When the sim card-pin blocked type **042*pin2 old*newpin2*newpin2*
Airtel Secret Codes
Dial *123# to see your credit balance. Dial *110# and follow the options.
Dial *109*9898631902# to display the call cost after each call.
If you are in Indiausing IDEA Pre or Postpaid connection then dial *101# you will get a secret menu that will let you to activate or deactivate any supported Idea package for your mobile.

Software version: *#9999#
IMEI number: *#06#
Serial number: *#0001#
Battery status- Memory capacity : *#9998*246#
Debug screen: *#9998*324# - *#8999*324#
LCD kontrast: *#9998*523#
Vibration test: *#9998*842# - *#8999*842#
Alarm beeper - Ringtone test : *#9998*289# - *#8999*289#
Smiley: *#9125#
Software version: *#0837#
Display contrast: *#0523# - *#8999*523#
Battery info: *#0228# or *#8999*228#
Display storage capacity: *#8999*636#
Display SIM card information: *#8999*778#
Show date and alarm clock: *#8999*782#
The display during warning: *#8999*786#
Samsung hardware version: *#8999*837#
Show network information: *#8999*638#
Display received channel number and received intensity: *#8999*9266#

*#1111# S/W Version
*#1234# Firmware Version
*#2222# H/W Version
*#8999*8376263# All Versions Together
*#8999*8378# Test Menu
*#4777*8665# GPSR Tool
*#8999*523# LCD Brightness
*#8999*377# Error LOG Menu
*#8999*327# EEP Menu
*#8999*667# Debug Mode
*#92782# PhoneModel (Wap)
#*5737425# JAVA Mode
*#2255# Call List
*#232337# Bluetooth MAC Adress
*#5282837# Java Version

Type in *#0000# on a Samsung A300 to reset the language
Master reset(unlock) #*7337# (for the new samsungs E700 x600 but not E710)
Samsung E700 type *#2255# to show secret call log (not tested)
Samsung A300, A800 phone unlock enter this *2767*637#
Samsung V200, S100, S300 phone unlock : *2767*782257378#

Friends I would like to share Nokia Secret Codes with you, It'll be helpful to select a right mobile handset to you, the main reason to write this on our blog is: Last day my sweet heart told me, she is going to buy a new mobile handset. Unfortunately she had no idea about the handset selection. So I present his section to her.

Nokia Secret Codes

On the main screen type in:
*#06# for checking the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity).
*#7780# reset to factory settings.
*#67705646# This will clear the LCD display(operator logo).
*#0000# To view software version.
*#2820# Bluetooth device address.
*#746025625# Sim clock allowed status.
#pw+1234567890+1# Shows if sim have restrictions.
*#92702689# - takes you to a secret menu where you may find some of the information below:
1. Displays Serial Number.
2. Displays the Month and Year of Manufacture
3. Displays (if there) the date where the phone was purchased (MMYY)
4. Displays the date of the last repair - if found (0000)
5. Shows life timer of phone (time passes since last start)
*#3370# - Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR) activation. Increase signal strength, better signal reception. It also help if u want to use GPRS and the service is not responding or too slow. Phone battery will drain faster though.
*#3370* - (EFR) deactivation. Phone will automatically restart. Increase battery life by 30% because phone receives less signal from network.
*#4720# - Half Rate Codec activation.
*#4720* - Half Rate Codec deactivation. The phone will automatically restart
If you forgot wallet code for Nokia S60 phone, use this code reset: *#7370925538#
Note, your data in the wallet will be erased. Phone will ask you the lock code. Default lock code is: 12345
Press *#3925538# to delete the contents and code of wallet.
Unlock service provider: Insert sim, turn phone on and press vol up(arrow keys) for 3 seconds, should say pin code. Press C,then press * message should flash, press * again and 04*pin*pin*pin# \
*#7328748263373738# resets security code.
Default security code is 12345
Change closed caller group (settings >security settings>user groups) to 00000 and ure phone will sound the message tone when you are near a radar speed trap. Setting it to 500 will cause your phone 2 set off security alarms at shop exits, gr8 for practical jokes! (works with some of the Nokia phones.) Press and hold "0" on the main screen to open wap browser.
(Thank You)

POVERTY IN INDIA


Poverty in India - Facts India Poverty Indian Economic Development Poverty Eradication Information - An Online India. Facts and information about India and role of Indian science, mathematics, technology and medicine in development of human civilization. An Online India is an information portal to facts about Indian culture, customs, art, science, technology, caste, diversity, terrorism, heritage and contribution to the world. Get info on state of Poverty in India

Online florists, shopping malls and gifts cakes, flowers and chocolates stores. A ready source for Yellow Pages and general information about India with info on tourism and tourist travel facilities in India along with a photo gallery of popular sight-seeing monuments and places.


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POVERTY IN INDIA

Poverty in IndiaEven more than 50 years after independence from almost two centuries of British rule, large scale poverty remains the most shameful blot on the face of India. Of its nearly 1 billion inhabitants, an estimated 350-400 million are below the poverty line, 75 per cent of them in the rural areas.

More than 40 per cent of the population is illiterate, with women, tribal and scheduled castes particularly affected.

It would be incorrect to say that all poverty reduction programmes have failed. The growth of the middle class (which was virtually non-existent when India became a free nation in August 1947) indicates that economic prosperity has indeed been very impressive in India, but the distribution of wealth has been very uneven.

The main causes of poverty are illiteracy, a population growth rate by far exceeding the economic growth rate for the better part of the past 50 years, protectionist policies pursued since 1947 to 1991 which prevented large amounts of foreign investment in the country. Poverty alleviation is expected to make better progress in the next 50 years than in the past, as a trickle-down effect of the growing middle class. Increasing stress on education, reservation of seats in government jobs and the increasing empowerment of women and the economically weaker sections of society, are also expected to contribute to the alleviation of poverty. Eradication of poverty can only be a very long-term goal in India.

Poverty in India
Though the middle class has gained from recent positive economic developments, India suffers from substantial poverty. According to the new World Bank's estimates on poverty based on 2005 data, India has 456 million people, 41.6% of its population, living below the new international poverty line of $1.25 (PPP) per day. The World Bank further estimates that 33% of the global poor now reside in India. Moreover, India also has 828 million people, or 75.6% of the population living below $2 a day, compared to 72.2% for Sub-Saharan Africa.
On the other hand, the Planning Commission of India uses its own criteria and has estimated that 27.5% of the population was living below the poverty line in 2004–2005, down from 51.3% in 1977–1978, and 36% in 1993-1994. The source for this was the 61st round of the National Sample Survey (NSS) and the criterion used was monthly per capita consumption expenditure below Rs. 356.35 for rural areas and Rs. 538.60 for urban areas. 75% of the poor are in rural areas, most of them are daily wagers, self-employed householders and landless labourers. Although Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades, its growth has been uneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographic regions, and rural and urban areas.
Wealth distribution in India is fairly uneven, with the top 10% of income groups earning 33% of the income. Despite significant economic progress, 1/4 of the nation's population earns less than the government-specified poverty threshold of $0.40/day. Official figures estimate that 27.5% of Indians lived below the national poverty line in 2004-2005. A 2007 report found that 77% of Indians, or 836 million people, lived on less than 20 rupees per day, with most working in informal labour sector with no job or social security, living in abject poverty. Income inequality in India is increasing. In addition, India has a higher rate of malnutrition among children under the age of three (46% in year 2007) than any other country in the world.

Causes of poverty in India
There are at least two main schools of thought regarding the causes of poverty in India.
The Developmental View The Developmental View
Colonial Economic Restructuring Colonial Economic Restructuring
Jawaharlal Nehru noted, "A significant fact which stands out is that those parts of India which have been longest under British rule are the poorest today." The Indian economy was purposely and severely deindustrialized (especially in the areas of textiles and metal-working) through colonial privatizations, regulations, tariffs on manufactured or refined Indian goods, taxes, and direct seizures. In 1830, India accounted for 17.6% of global industrial production against Britain's 9.5%, but by 1900 India's share was down to 1.7% against Britain's 18.5%. (The change in industrial production per capita is even more extreme due to Indian population growth).
Not only was Indian industry losing out, but consumers were forced to rely on expensive (open monopoly produced) British manufactured goods, especially as barter, local crafts and subsistence agriculture was discouraged by law. The agricultural raw materials exported by Indians were subject to massive price swings and declining terms of trade.
British policies in India exacerbated weather conditions to lead to mass famines which, when taken together, led to between 30 to 60 million deaths from starvation in the Indian colonies. Community grain banks were forcibly disabled, land was converted from food crops for local consumption to cotton, opium, tea, and grain for export, largely for animal feed. In summary, deindustrialization, declining terms of trade, and the periodic mass misery of man-made famines are the major ways in which colonial government destroyed development in India and held it back for centuries.

The Neo-Liberal View
Unemployment and underemployment, arising in part from protectionist policies pursued till 1991 that prevented high foreign investment. Poverty also decreased from the early 80s to 1990 significantly however.
Lack of property rights. The right to property is not a fundamental right in India.
Over-reliance on agriculture. There is a surplus of labour in agriculture. Farmers are a large vote bank and use their votes to resist reallocation of land for higher-income industrial projects. While services and industry have grown at double digit figures, agriculture growth rate has dropped from 4.8% to 2%. Neo-liberals tend to view food security as an unnecessary goal compared to purely financial economic growth.
There are also a variety of more direct technical factors:
About 60% of the population depends on agriculture whereas the contribution of agriculture to the GDP is about 18%.
High population growth rate, although demographers generally agree that this is a symptom rather than cause of poverty.
And a few cultural ones have been proposed:
The caste system, under which hundreds of millions of Indians were kept away from educational, ownership, and employment opportunities, and subjected to violence for "getting out of line." British rulers encouraged caste privileges and customs, at least before the 20th century.
Despite this, India currently adds 40 million people to its middle class every year. An estimated 300 million Indians now belong to the middle class; one-third of them have emerged from poverty in the last ten years. At the current rate of growth, a majority of Indians will be middle-class by 2025. Literacy rates have risen from 52 percent to 65 percent in the same period.

Historical trends in poverty statistics
trends in income povertyThe proportion of India's population below the poverty line has fluctuated widely in the past, but the overall trend has been downward. However, there have been roughly three periods of trends in income poverty.
1950 to mid-1970s: Income poverty reduction shows no discernible trend. In 1951, 47% of India's rural population was below the poverty line. The proportion went up to 64% in 1954-55; it came down to 45% in 1960-61 but in 1977-78, it went up again to 51%.
Mid-1970s to 1990: Income poverty declined significantly between the mid-1970s and the end of the 1980s. The decline was more pronounced between 1977-78 and 1986-87, with rural income poverty declining from 51% to 39%. It went down further to 34% by 1989-90. Urban income poverty went down from 41% in 1977-78 to 34% in 1986-87, and further to 33% in 1989-90.
After 1991: This post-economic reform period evidenced both setbacks and progress. Rural income poverty increased from 34% in 1989-90 to 43% in 1992 and then fell to 37% in 1993-94. Urban income poverty went up from 33.4% in 1989-90 to 33.7% in 1992 and declined to 32% in 1993-94 Also, NSS data for 1994-95 to 1998 show little or no poverty reduction, so that the evidence till 1999-2000 was that poverty, particularly rural poverty, had increased post-reform. However, the official estimate of poverty for 1999-2000 was 26.1%, a dramatic decline that led to much debate and analysis. This was because for this year the NSS had adopted a new survey methodology that led to both higher estimated mean consumption and also an estimated distribution that was more equal than in past NSS surveys. The latest NSS survey for 2004-05 is fully comparable to the surveys before 1999-2000 and shows poverty at 28.3% in rural areas, 25.7% in urban areas and 27.5% for the country as a whole, using Uniform Recall Period Consumption. The corresponding figures using the Mixed Recall Period Consumption method was 21.8%, 21.7% and 21.8% respectively. Thus, poverty has declined after 1998, although it is still being debated whether there was any significant poverty reduction between 1989-90 and 1999-00. The latest NSS survey was so designed as to also give estimates roughly, but not fully, comparable to the 1999-2000 survey. These suggest that most of the decline in rural poverty over the period during 1993-94 to 2004-05 actually occurred after 1999-2000.

Outlook for Poverty Alleviation
Since the early 1950s, government has initiated, sustained, and refined various planning schemes to help the poor attain self sufficiency in food production. Probably the most important initiative has been the supply of basic commodities, particularly food at controlled prices, available throughout the country as poor spend about 80 percent of their income on food.
Eradication of poverty in India can only be a long-term goal. Poverty alleviation is expected to make better progress in the next 50 years than in the past, as a trickle-down effect of the growing middle class. Increasing stress on education, reservation of seats in government jobs and the increasing empowerment of women and the economically weaker sections of society, are also expected to contribute to the alleviation of poverty. It is incorrect to say that all poverty reduction programmes have failed. The growth of the middle class (which was virtually non-existent when India became a free nation in August 1947) indicates that economic prosperity has indeed been very impressive in India, but the distribution of wealth is not at all even.
After the liberalization process and moving away from the socialist model, India is adding 60-70 million people to its middle class every year. Analysts write that an estimated 390 million Indians now belong to the middle class; one-third of them have emerged from poverty in the last ten years. At the current rate of growth, a majority of Indians will be middle-class by 2025. Literacy rates have risen from 52 percent to 65 percent during the initial decade of liberalization (1991-2001).
While total overall poverty in India has declined, the extent of poverty reduction is often debated. While there is a consensus that there has not been increase in poverty between 1993-94 and 2004-05, the picture is not so clear if one considers other non-pecuniary dimensions (such as health, education, crime and access to infrastructure). With the rapid economic growth that India is experiencing, it is likely that a significant fraction of the rural population will continue to migrate toward cities, making the issue of urban poverty more significant in the long run. More than 103 million people have moved out of desperate poverty in the course of one generation in urban and rural areas as well. If India can achieve 7.3% annual growth over the next 20 years, 465 million more people will be spared a life of extreme deprivation. Contrary to popular perceptions, rural India has benefited from this growth: extreme rural poverty has declined from 94% in 1985 to 61% in 2005, and they project that it will drop to 26% by 2025. India's economic reforms and the increased growth that has resulted have been the most successful anti-poverty programmes in the country.

Monday, April 5, 2010

The Dangers of Air-conditioning

Friend, nowadays we can see various types of air-conditioning systems in almost every sector like: shopping malls, restaurants, beauty parlor, bar, automobiles, etc. Then I had done a study on this, but the result was really shocking, not only for the reasons but also on it's after effects.

About two-thirds of the world's population is expected to live in cities by the year 2020 and, according to the United Nations, approximately 3.7 billion people will inhabit urban areas some ten years later. As cities grow, so do the number of buildings that characterize them: office towers, factories, shopping malls and high-rise apartment buildings.

Percentage of population living or work in air-conditioned enviornments, 1990 and 2030

These structures depend on artificial ventilation system to keep clean and cool air flowing to the people inside. We know these systems by the term 'air-conditioning'.

Although many of us may feel air-conditioners bring relief from hot, humid or polluted outside air, they pose many potential health hazards. Much researches has looked at how the circulation of air inside a closed environment- such as an office building- can spread disease or expose occupants to harmful chemicals.

One of the more widely publicized dangers is that of Legionnaire's disease, which was first recognized in the 1970s. This was found to have affected people in buildings with air-conditioning systems in which warm air pumped out of the system's cooling towers was somehow sucked back into the air intake, in most cases owing to poor design. This warm air was, needless to say, the perfect environment for the rapid growth of disease-carrying bacteria originating from outside the building, where it existed in harmless quantities. The warm, bacteria-laden air was combined with cooled, conditioned air and was then circulated around various parts of the building. Studies showed that even people outside such buildings were at risk if they walked past air exhaust ducts. Cases of Legionnaire's disease are becoming fewer with newer system designs and modifications to older systems, but many older buildings, particularly in developing countries, require constant monitoring.


Cigarette smoking is also carried from room to room by some air-conditioning systems, bringing with it the attendant risks of passive smoking. The past few years have seen a lot of studies into passive smoking – the smoke breathed in by non-smokers living or working near smokers. In Japan, a survey of medical records showed that women whose husbands do not smoke are half as likely to acquire lung cancer as those who are married to smokers. Research into passive smoking in an office setting demonstrated similar risks for non-smokers working for many years next to smokers. Smoky air circulated by the air-conditioning system of the average office, according to an Australian study, causes non-smokers to breath in equivalent of three cigarettes in one day of work.

The ways in which air-conditioners work to 'clean' the air can inadvertently cause health problems, too. One such way is with the use of an electrostatic precipitator, which removes the dust and smoke particles from the air. What precipitators also do, however, is emit large quantities of positive air ions into the ventilation system. A growing number of studies show that overexposure to positive air ions can result in headaches, fatigue and feeling irritation.

Large air-conditioning systems add water to the air they circulate by means of humidifiers. In older systems, the water used for this process is kept in special reservoirs, the bottom of which provide breeding grounds for bacteria and fungi that can find their way into the ventilation systems. The risk to human health from this situation has been highlighted by the fact that the immune systems of approximately half of workers in air-conditioned office buildings have developed antibodies to fight off the organisms found at the bottom of system reservoirs. Chemical disinfectants, called 'biocides', which are added to reservoirs to make them-germ-free, are dangerous in their own right in sufficient quantities, as they often contain compounds such as pentachlorophenol, which is strongly linked to abdominal cancers.

Finally, it should be pointed out that the artificial climatic environment created by air-conditioners can also adversely affect us. In a natural environment, whether indoor or outdoor, there are small variations in temperature and humidity. Indeed, the human body has long been accustomed to these normal changes. In the air-conditioned living or work environment, however, body temperatures remain well under 37oC, our normal temperature. This leads to a weakened immune system and thus greater susceptibility to diseases such as colds and flu.

An Article By,

Arun Kesavan Kolath

Saturday, April 3, 2010

Twelve ways to know you are in LOVE with someone:


Twelve:

You talk with him/her late at night and when you go to bed you still think of him/her.

Eleven:

You walk really slowly when you are with him/her.

Ten:

You don't feel OK when he/she is far away.

Nine:

You smile when you hear his/her voice.

Eight:

When you look at him/her, you do not see other people around you. you see only him/her.

Six:

He/She is everything you want to think.

Five:

You realize that you smile every time you look at him/her.

Four:

You would do any thing to see him/her.

Three:

While you have been reading this, there was a person in your mind all the time.

Two:

You have been so busy thinking of that person that you didn't notice that number SEVEN is missing.

One:

You are going to check above if that's true and now you are silently laughing to yourself.